Linguistics

“**Linguistics** is the [|scientific] study of human [|language]. [|[1]][|[2]][|[3]][|[4]] Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields of study: language form, language meaning, and language in context.” [|[5]] “Although linguistics is the scientific study of language, a number of other intellectual disciplines are relevant to language and intersect with it. [|Semiotics], for example, is the general study of signs and symbols both within language and without. [|Literary theorists] study the use of language in [|literature]. Linguistics additionally draws on and informs work from such diverse fields as [|acoustics], [|anthropology] , [|biology] , [|computer science] , [|human anatomy] , [|informatics] , [|neuroscience] , [|philosophy] , [|psychology] , [|sociology] , and [|speech-language pathology] .” [|[5]]

**Notation**: let the symbol **Def.** indicate that a definition is following.Notation **Notation**: let the symbols between [ and ] be replacement for that portion of a quoted text.

Universals
To help with definitions, their meanings and intents, there is the learning resource [|theory of definition]. **Def.** evidence that demonstrates that a concept is possible is called **proof of concept**. The proof-of-concept structure consists of The findings demonstrate a statistically systematic change from the status quo or the [|control group]. “Linguistics concerns itself with describing and explaining the nature of human language. Fundamental questions include what is universal to language, how language can vary, and how human beings come to know languages. Linguistic fields can then be broadly divided into those that distinguish themselves by a focus on linguistic structure and grammar, and those that distinguish themselves by the nonlinguistic factors they consider.” [|[5]]
 * 1) background,
 * 2) procedures,
 * 3) findings, and
 * 4) interpretation. [|[6]]

Terminology
“Before the 20th century, the term // [|philology] //, first attested in 1716, [|[7]] was commonly used to refer to the science of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus. [|[8]] Since [|Ferdinand de Saussure] 's insistence on the importance of [|synchronic analysis], however, this focus has shifted [|[8]] and the term "philology" is now generally used for the "study of a language's grammar, history, and literary tradition", especially in the United States, [|[9]] where it was never as popular as it was elsewhere (in the sense of the "science of language"). [|[7]] ” [|[5]] “[T]he term "linguistics" is first attested in 1847. [|[10]] It is now the usual academic term in English for the scientific study of language.” [|[5]]

Philology
"**Philology** is the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of [|literary studies], [|history] and linguistics. [|[11]] " [|[12]]

Language
"**Language** may refer either to the specifically [|human] capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of [|communication], or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication." [|[13]]

Languages
"The approximately 3,000–6,000 languages that are spoken by humans today are the most salient examples, but [|natural languages] can also be based on visual rather than auditory [|stimuli], for example in [|sign languages] and [|written language] . [|Codes] and other kinds of [|artificially constructed communication systems] such as those used for [|computer programming] can also be called languages. A language in this sense is a [|system] of [|signs] for [|encoding] and [|decoding] [|information] ." [|[13]]

Lexicology
**Def.** "[t]he part of linguistics that studies words, their nature and meaning, words' elements, relations between words including semantic relations, words groups and the whole lexicon" [|[14]] is called **lexicology**. "**Lexicology** is the part of linguistics which studies // [|words] //, their nature and [|meaning], words' elements, relations between words ( [|semantical] relations), word groups and the whole [|lexicon] ."

Lexicography
**Def.** is called **lexicography**.
 * 1) "[t]he art or craft of compiling, writing and editing [|dictionaries] [or]
 * 2) [t]he [|scholarly] [|discipline] of analyzing and describing the [|semantic], [|syntagmatic] and [|paradigmatic] relationships within the [|lexicon] (vocabulary) of a language and developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries" [|[15]]

Grammar
**Def.** is called a **grammar**.
 * 1) "[a] system of rules and principles for speaking and writing a [|language]
 * 2) [t]he study of the internal structure of words ( [|morphology] ) and the use of words in the construction of phrases and sentences ( [|syntax] )
 * 3) [a] book describing the rules of grammar of a language
 * 4) [a] formal system [in computing theory] specifying the [|syntax] of a language
 * 5) [a] formal system [in computing theory] defining a [|formal language]
 * 6) [t]he basic [|rules] or [|principles] of a field of [|knowledge] or a particular [|skill] " [|[16]]

Semantics
**Def.** 1. "the study of meanings:"1.a: "the historical and psychological study and the classification of changes in the signification of words or forms viewed as factors in linguistic development",1.b: "a branch of semiotic dealing with the relations between signs and what they refer to and including theories of denotation, extension, naming, and truth"2.a: "the meaning or relationship of meanings of a sign or set of signs; [especially]: connotative meaning"2.b: "the exploitation of connotation and ambiguity (as in propaganda)" is called ** [|semantics] **. [|[17]] **Def.** "the branch of linguistics devoted to the investigation of linguistic meaning, the interpretation of expression in a language system." [|[18]] is called **semantics**.

Syntactics
**Def.** "the formal relations between signs or expressions in abstraction from their signification and their interpreters" is called ** [|syntactics] **. [|[17]]

References [ [|edit] ]

 * 1)   [|↑]  . ISBN [|0-262-51370-6].
 * 2)   [|↑]  André Martinet, Tr. Elisabeth Palmer (Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i.) (1960). //Elements of General Linguistics//. London: Faber. p. 15.
 * 3)   [|↑]  Michael A. K. Halliday, Jonathan Webster (2006). //On Language and Linguistics//. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. vii. ISBN [|0-8264-8824-2].
 * 4)   [|↑]  Joseph Greenberg (1948). "Linguistics and ethnology". //Southwestern Journal of Anthropology// 4: 140–7.
 * 5)  ↑ [|5.0] [|5.1] [|5.2] [|5.3] [|5.4]  (June 18, 2012) " [|Linguistics] ". //Wikipedia//. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-06-19.
 * 6)   [|↑]  Ginger Lehrman and Ian B Hogue, Sarah Palmer, Cheryl Jennings, Celsa A Spina, Ann Wiegand, Alan L Landay, Robert W Coombs, Douglas D Richman, John W Mellors, John M Coffin, Ronald J Bosch, David M Margolis (August 13, 2005). " [|Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study] ". //Lancet// 366 (9485): 549-55. [|doi] : [|10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67098-5] . Retrieved on 2012-05-09.
 * 7)  ↑ [|7.0] [|7.1]   [|Online Etymological Dictionary: philology]
 * 8)  ↑ [|8.0] [|8.1]  McMahon, A. M. S. (1994). //Understanding Language Change//. Cambridge University Press. ISBN [|0-521-44665-1].
 * 9)   [|↑]  A. Morpurgo Davies Hist. Linguistics (1998) 4 I. 22.
 * 10)   [|↑]   [|Online Etymological Dictionary: linguist]
 * 11)   [|↑]   [|//Philology//] . Books.google.com. 2008-02-09 . Retrieved 2011-07-16.
 * 12)   [|↑]  (June 17, 2012) " [|Philology] ". //Wikipedia//. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-06-19.
 * 13)  ↑ [|13.0] [|13.1]  (June 20, 2012) " [|Language] ". //Wikipedia//. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-06-19.
 * 14)   [|↑]  (May 29, 2012) " [|lexicology] ". //Wiktionary//. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-06-19.
 * 15)   [|↑]  (June 21, 2012) " [|lexicography] ". //Wiktionary//. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-06-19.
 * 16)   [|↑]  (March 31, 2012) " [|grammar] ". //Wikipedia//. San Francisco, California: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved on 2012-06-19.
 * 17)  ↑ [|17.0] [|17.1]  Philip B. Gove, ed (1963). //Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary//. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Company. pp. 1221.
 * 18)   [|↑]  Gennaro Chierchia, Sally McConnell-Ginet (2000). [|//Word Meaning, In:// Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to Semantics] . Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. pp. 431-500. ISBN [|0-262-03269-4]  . Retrieved 2011-11-29.

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