Grammar

([|parts of speach])
 * **Basic Structures**

Lexical Verbs Nouns Adjectives Adverbs Auxiliary Verbs Pronouns [|Demonstrative] Determiners [|Articles] Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections || **Intermediate Structures** (phrases)

Verb Phrase Noun Phrase Adjective Phrase Adverb Phrase Prepositional Phrase [|Infinitive phrase] || **Advanced Structures** ([|Clauses])

Nominal Clause [|Gerunds] Adjective Clauses [|Relative Clauses] Adverb Clauses Dependent Clauses || **Other**

[|Logical Connectors 1] [|Logical Connectors 2] [|Logical Connectors 3] [|Logical Connectors 4]

[|Practice with LCs] || [|Capitalization] | [|Commas] | [|Gerunds] | [|Runon Sentence] | [|Sentence Connectors] | [|Sentence Fragment] | [|Thesis Statement]

Nouns: Knowledge, difficulty, window Adjectives: difficult, interesting, pretty Adverbs: here, very, interestingly, prettily || Auxiliary verbs: be, have, must Pronouns: he it, us, this Determiners: the, an, a, this, these Prepositions: to, by Conjunctions: and, although Interjections: ah, alas, ouch || (Chalker, 1984, p. 20)
 * Word Classes**
 * Major (or open) word classes || Minor (or closed) word classes ||
 * Lexical verbs: know, decide, want


 * Sentence elements**

1. **Subject**/__predicate__ //**The big black bear** __ran across the field and up the tree__.// 2. The subject is //the topic// or //doer// of the sentence. 3. Predicate: a. verb phrase (VP) - essential b. object (O) - essential in many verb patterns i. Direct object (DO): Noun phrases immediately following transitive verbs that are only capable of taking one object. //Pamela likes chocolates.// ii. Indirect object (IO): A second noun object (the first being the direct object) that tells us to whom or for whom the action expressed in the verb is being carried out (Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman,1983, p. 236). We sent //Pam// chocolates. c. complement (C) - essential in many verb patterns d: adverbial (A) - usually optional

Five basic sentence patterns:

This bread won't keep. || She kept the money. || Please keep me a place in line. || She kept the money safe. ||
 * S + VP + C (linking verb) || These biscuits have kept fresh. ||
 * S + VP (intransitive verb) || Tom has left.
 * S + VP + O (transitive verb) || He has left the house.
 * S + VP + IO + DO (transitive) || Her father left her $10,000.
 * S + VP + O + C (transitive) || He left her alone/happy/crying.